Hue Imperial City: Decoding the Architecture and Tips for Visiting

The Imperial City of Hue stands as a majestic witness to Vietnam's history. Built in the early 19th century, it served as the imperial palace for the Nguyen dynasty until its fall in 1945. Over a century later, this imposing citadel remains as a guardian, ready to unveil the secrets and captivating stories of its past. This article invites you to discover the lesser-known aspects of this UNESCO World Heritage site, along with practical information to make the most of your visit.

Written by Nhu PHAM (local expert)Updated on 15-11-2024

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1. The Imperial City of Huế, between East and West

In the vision of the Vietnamese emperors, "a prosperous kingdom rests on a solidly established capital." Upon his coronation, Gia Long, the founder of the Nguyen dynasty, decided to move the capital from Hanoi to Huế. Located in central Vietnam and close to the strategic port of Da Nang, Huế offered ideal conditions for trade and control of transport routes. This central position allowed for more effective oversight of both the north and south, while ensuring optimal communication. Additionally, Huế's location offers undeniable strategic advantages for military defense.

The Nguyen Dynasty embraced Western military architecture to design fortified cities across Vietnam, drawing inspiration from Vauban, the renowned French military engineer. The capital city of Hue, established in 1803, exemplifies this approach by blending Feng Shui principles with traditional Vietnamese architecture. Completed after three decades of construction, it stands as one of the largest and most monumental achievements in Vietnam's history.

• The Vauban Style of Fortification in the Hue Citadel

The Hue Citadel’s outer enclosure is a prime example of Vauban-style fortification, characterized by moats surrounding all four sides. Spanning a perimeter of over 10,000 m², the citadel's defenses include a wall measuring 6.46 meters in height and 21 meters in thickness. Ten two-tiered brick gates provide access, while bastions are strategically positioned to the east, west, south, and north for optimal defense.

Dominating the front of the Ngo Mon Gate is a three-story flagpole, 4 meters wide and tall, serving as a striking centerpiece. Initially constructed from earth, the walls were later reinforced with bricks, ensuring greater durability and strength over time.

• Feng Shui in the Design of the Hue Imperial City

The location of the Hue Imperial City is considered ideal for royal architecture, harmonizing with auspicious geographical features such as the Perfume River, fertile plains, and lush greenery - all symbolic of fertility and prosperity.

In Feng Shui principles, the Perfume River flowing before the Imperial City represents wealth, power, and fortune for the dynasty, as water is a symbol of abundance. Ngu Binh Mountain, situated behind the Imperial City, acts as a spiritual shield against malevolent forces. Meanwhile, the islets of Hen and Da Vien flank the Imperial City like vigilant guardians, with Hen to the left and Da Vien to the right when facing Ngu Binh Mountain from the Imperial City.

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All structures within the Imperial City are oriented southward, reflecting the traditional saying: “Thánh nhân Nam diện nhi thính thiên hạ” (The king faces south to govern the realm). This orientation underscores the emperor’s role as a benevolent ruler connected to both the heavens and his subjects.

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Inside the Grandeur of the Imperial City of Hue

The Imperial City of Hue stands as a monumental fortress, comprising three successive enclosures: the Citadel, the Royal City, and the Forbidden City.

• The Citadel (Kinh Thanh)

The Citadel serves as the outermost enclosure, safeguarding both the Royal City and the Forbidden City. Enclosed by brick walls measuring 4.16 meters in height and 1.04 meters in thickness, it is further protected by a vast moat known as Kim Thủy Hồ. This combination of architectural strength and strategic design underscores the grandeur and significance of the Imperial City as the seat of power during the Nguyen Dynasty.

• The Royal City (Hoàng Thành) and the Forbidden City (Tử Cấm Thành)

Within the enclosure of the Imperial City lies Đại Nội, the central space encompassing the Royal City (Hoàng Thành) and the Forbidden City (Tử Cấm Thành). This area is nearly square in shape, with dimensions of 622 meters on its front and rear façades and 604 meters along its sides.

Đại Nội is meticulously organized into distinct zones, each serving a specific function, reflecting the hierarchical structure and ceremonial importance of the Nguyen Dynasty's imperial court. Together, the Royal City and the Forbidden City embody the grandeur and sophistication of Hue's architectural heritage.

Main Buildings and Areas of Đại Nội

• Ngọ Môn (Noon Gate):

Situated at the forefront of the Imperial City, Ngọ Môn serves as its principal gate and is the most magnificent of all entrances. Exclusively reserved for the emperor, it played a central role in grand ceremonies and official events, symbolizing the supreme authority of the Nguyen Dynasty.

This iconic structure stands as a testament to the architectural and ceremonial grandeur of Đại Nội, setting the tone for the majesty within the Imperial City.

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• Thái Hòa Palace (Điện Thái Hòa)

Thái Hòa Palace is the centerpiece of Đại Nội and the most significant architectural masterpiece of the royal palace during the Nguyen Dynasty. This grand structure served as the venue for major court ceremonies and official meetings between the emperor and his ministers.

As the heart of imperial governance, the palace hosted important events attended by the emperor, members of the royal family, and high-ranking ministers. Its design and purpose reflect the majesty and authority of the Nguyen court, symbolizing the power and unity of the dynasty.

The name Thái Hòa Palace is derived from the I Ching, embodying profound philosophical significance. The term "Hòa" translates to harmony, and "Thái Hòa" symbolizes the union of yin and yang, striving for balance and mutual harmony.

For the emperor, as the ruler of the world, this concept signified the essential duty of maintaining equilibrium - balancing yin and yang, harshness and gentleness - to govern wisely. By doing so, the ruler ensured not only the stability of the court but also the well-being and prosperity of all living things under his reign.

• The Temples of the Nguyễn Emperors

The Triệu Miếu, Thái Miếu, Hưng Miếu, Thế Miếu, and Điện Phụng Tiên temples were dedicated to the veneration of the emperors of the Nguyễn Dynasty. These sacred spaces honored the legacy and spiritual significance of the rulers, ensuring their continued reverence long after their reigns.

• Diên Thọ Palace and Trường Sanh Palace

These palaces were the residences of the Queen Mother and the Imperial Queen Mother, the highest female dignitaries in the Nguyễn court. Serving as centers of maternal authority and royal influence, they were crucial to the imperial family’s structure, symbolizing the revered status of these figures within the kingdom.

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• The Office of Internal Affairs

This area served as a storage space for precious objects and housed workshops where royal artifacts were created, playing a key role in the upkeep and craftsmanship of imperial treasures.

• The Cơ Hạ Gardens and Điện Khâm Văn Palace

These locations were dedicated to the education and recreation of the princes. They provided a space where the royal heirs could study and engage in leisure activities, ensuring a well-rounded upbringing.

• The Forbidden City (Tử Cấm Thành)

The Forbidden City was the private residence of the emperor, his concubines, and the royal family. Access was strictly limited to members of the imperial family and their servants, maintaining the privacy and exclusivity of the royal court.

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If you’re passionate about music or curious to explore the imperial culture of the past, attending a performance of Huế royal court music is an experience not to be missed. This refined and sacred musical tradition emerged during the Nguyễn Dynasty and was originally played during major court ceremonies, including rituals to honor ancestors and deities.

Today, the music of the Huế royal court is still carefully preserved and regularly performed at the Duyệt Thị Đường Theater, situated within the walls of the Imperial City. Witnessing this living cultural heritage offers a unique glimpse into the grandeur and spirituality of the Nguyen-era court.

3. Interesting Facts About the Imperial City

Vietnam's Most Intact Royal Relics

Unlike other ancient capitals such as Hoa Lu, Co Loa, or Thang Long, which are now in ruins, the Imperial City of Huế remains remarkably well-preserved. This historical complex is home to centuries-old palaces, citadels, shrines, mausoleums, and pagodas, providing a rare glimpse into the serene beauty of the former imperial capital.

Huế harmoniously blends historical heritage with modern city life, making it an ideal destination for those seeking a place that offers both tranquility and vitality. The preservation of its architectural wonders makes it one of Vietnam’s most significant cultural treasures.

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• Military Architecture

The Hue Citadel, constructed during the reigns of Emperors Gia Long and Minh Mang, stands as a remarkable fusion of traditional Vietnamese principles and Western military influences. Situated to the north of the Perfume River, the citadel reflects the harmonious balance of yin and yang, seamlessly integrating natural elements into its design. This careful alignment was intended to ensure both prosperity and protection for the empire.

• The Museum of Royal Antiquities

Founded in 1923, the Hue Museum of Royal Antiquities (formerly known as the Khai Dinh Museum) boasts an extensive collection of ancient artifacts. Its displays of ceramics, bronze sculptures, and works in ivory, wood, and stone offer a fascinating glimpse into the cultural and imperial heritage of the city, preserving the artistic and historical richness of the Nguyen Dynasty.

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Rainwater Gutters

Inside the grand buildings of the Imperial City of Hue, royal mausoleums, and palaces, the rainwater gutters are a distinctive feature of the architecture. These gutters, intricately carved in the shapes of fish and dragon heads, are not only functional but also serve as remarkable artistic elements. A testament to the craftsmanship of the Nguyễn Dynasty, they add a touch of elegance and symbolism to the structures, admired by all who encounter them. The fish, symbolizing abundance, and the dragon, representing power and protection, combine to reflect the dynasty’s cultural and spiritual ideals.

• The Royal Kitchen

The royal cuisine of Huế, inherited from the Nguyễn court, is renowned for its sophistication and refinement. Tasting the traditional dishes of Huế means discovering a royal culinary heritage that still retains its elegance and authenticity today—a true feast for the senses.
Famous for its delicacies passed down from the royal traditions, Huế’s cuisine is a vital part of the city’s cultural identity. If you’re interested in history, architecture, and the charm of an imperial city, consider joining our 14-day Vietnam tour on the Heritage Route, which takes you from north to south, including Huế.

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4. Must-See Events in the Imperial City

• Changing of the Guard Ceremony

Every day at 8:30 am, you can attend the Changing of the Guard ceremony at the Ngo Mon Gate of the Huế Citadel. During the Nguyễn Dynasty, two forces of soldiers were always present in the imperial city to guard and patrol. This ceremony marks the change of service, where soldiers perform a formal exchange as they begin their duties for the day. The restoration of this ceremony provides visitors with a unique insight into the royal culture of the Nguyễn Dynasty.

• The Hue Festival

Every other year, Hue Festival takes place, featuring vibrant activities spread throughout the four seasons. In 2024, a large light show was a central feature of the festival. If you happen to visit during a non-festival year, Tết, the Lunar New Year, is the next most festive and special event.

• Tết and the Ceremony of the Cây Nêu

During the Tết Festival, the Huế Citadel recreates the traditional Cây Nêu ceremony, where the New Year tree is erected inside the royal palace, following the royal rituals of the Nguyễn Dynasty. This ceremony historically marked the beginning of the Lunar New Year holiday. It signified the suspension of administrative activities across the country and served as an announcement that the people of the imperial city were preparing for the festivities—cleaning their homes, organizing their surroundings, and making ready for the joyous Tết celebrations.

In addition to this key event, a variety of other traditional activities are held, including calligraphy demonstrations, traditional dances and songs, and light performances, all of which contribute to the vibrant and festive atmosphere of Huế during this special time. These events provide a window into the rich cultural traditions of the region, making the city an even more captivating place to visit during Tết.

5. Practical Information for Your Successful Visit

Imperial City Address: 23/8 Street, Thuận Hòa District, Huế City, Thừa Thiên Huế Province.

Entrance Fees to the Imperial City of Huế:

• Adults: 200,000 VND
• Children: 40,000 VND

"Di tích Huế" App
To make your visit even more enriching, download the "Di tích Huế" app, which offers a variety of helpful features for discovering the Imperial City in detail. You can also purchase tickets online for a smooth, hassle-free experience. Here are some of the key features of the app:

• E-ticketing System: Skip the lines with a simple and quick online purchase.
• Digital Exhibition and Artifact Identification: Explore ancient objects and interact with them through digital technology, offering a deeper understanding of the city’s priceless treasures.
• VR 360° – Time Travel: With a VR headset, immerse yourself in a vivid exploration of the Imperial City as it once was during its prime. This is more than just a visit—it’s a true journey through history.
• Interactive QR Codes: Scan QR codes placed around the Imperial City to uncover fascinating historical details and learn more about the artifacts and sites.
• Audio Guide – Invisible Companion: An automatic audio narration guides you through the Imperial City, providing insightful commentary that enhances your understanding at each step of the tour.

The "Di tích Huế" app makes it easy to explore, learn, and experience the rich history and culture of the Imperial City, all while offering a convenient and interactive way to navigate your visit.

Our Last Words

The Imperial City of Huế is much more than just a historical site; it embodies the very soul and culture of the Vietnamese people. As a true concentrate of national identity, it has preserved over the centuries both tangible and intangible heritage of incredible richness. Through its imposing architecture, ancestral traditions, and unique atmosphere, the Imperial City continues to stand as a living testament to the grandeur of past dynasties.

A visit to Huế is not just a journey through history, but an opportunity to connect with the essence of Vietnamese culture and its royal legacy.

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