Vietnamese calligraphy - An Introduction to the Art of Thu Phap

Vietnamese calligraphy, known as Thu Phap, is a revered art form deeply embedded in Vietnamese culture. This elegant tradition celebrates the beauty of Vietnamese writing, blending harmony, philosophy, and artistic expression through intricately crafted ideograms. Using a bamboo brush and black ink on traditional rice paper, Thu Phap captures the essence of Vietnamese aesthetics.

When you visit Vietnam, take the opportunity to immerse yourself in the rich spirituality and complexity of this ancient art. Discover the history and significance of Thu Phap, and explore why participating in a calligraphy workshop in Vietnam is a must for anyone looking to connect with the country’s cultural heritage.

Written by Nhu PHAM (local expert)Updated on 04-12-2024

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1. The history of Vietnamese writing and Calligraphy over time

Thu Phap, or Vietnamese calligraphy, has its origins in Chinese culture, which is considered the birthplace of this art form. Due to historical cultural exchanges and colonization, Vietnamese calligraphy was heavily influenced by Chinese calligraphy, using the Hán tự (Chinese ideogram) script as early as the 1st century AD.

However, the Chinese script could not fully capture the depth and nuances of the Vietnamese language. After Đại Cồ Việt (ancient Vietnam) gained independence from China in 939, intellectuals created a distinct writing system called chữ Nôm (Vietnamese demotic script). While chữ Nôm was still based on Chinese characters, it incorporated unique symbols and meanings specific to Vietnam, transforming Thu Phap into a uniquely Vietnamese art form.

• The evolution of Vietnamese Calligraphy: Hán and Nôm scripts

Vietnam's first Declaration of Independence was written in Han-Nom characters, combining both Hán tự (Chinese-style script) and Nôm (Vietnamese script). While the writing style and brush techniques used in both calligraphic systems are similar, the content they express differs greatly. Hán tự reflects the complex philosophy of the Vietnamese elite, with strict rules and criteria, while Nôm is more accessible to the general population, touching on themes like virtue, righteousness, beauty, and the dreams of the people.

This ancient Vietnamese script remained the official writing form until the 20th century, when French colonization led to the adoption of the Quốc ngữ script. To understand this transformation, we must look back to the 17th century, when European missionaries arrived in Hoi An, a vibrant port town, to evangelize the local population.

• The Emergence of Quốc ngữ: The Latin Script of Vietnam

During this period, Nôm script was too complex for the European missionaries to learn and use effectively. Francesco de Pina, the first European to master the Vietnamese language, and other missionaries, developed a phonetic transcription system of Vietnamese using the Latin alphabet. Later, Alexandre de Rhodes, a French missionary, refined this system, creating the Quốc ngữ script. In the 19th century, Quốc ngữ was officially adopted by French colonizers and later became the official script of Vietnam in 1954.

Over time, Vietnamese calligraphy evolved, blending influences from both Hán and Nôm calligraphy, and transitioning from a style heavily inspired by Chinese writing to a fully national script. Today, Quốc ngữ calligraphy reflects a harmonious blend of traditional Vietnamese artistry and European modernity.

>>> Read more: How to say 'Hello' in Vietnamese like a local

2. What Does Vietnamese Calligraphy Look Like?

Vietnamese calligraphy is much more than just writing - it's an art form that embodies the harmony, elegance, and soul of the calligrapher. The graceful lines and intricate brushstrokes don’t just create an aesthetic effect; they also convey deep emotions, personality, and passion. In fact, the true success of Vietnamese calligraphy is its ability to communicate the thoughts and feelings of the calligrapher to the viewer. Each stroke, meticulously drawn on traditional paper, reflects the spirit and intention behind the artwork.

• The Content of Vietnamese Calligraphy

Thu Phap, or Vietnamese calligraphy, often showcases poems, folk songs, proverbs, or teachings, especially during festive seasons like Tet (Vietnamese New Year). The content often expresses themes of nature, serenity, poetry, and romanticism, with a strong connection to Vietnam’s cultural values. Even today, in the digital age, this traditional art form remains an integral part of Vietnamese culture.

Calligraphy is also used to express wishes and blessings, especially during Tet. It’s common to see calligraphic phrases like Phúc (happiness), Lộc (wealth), Thọ (longevity), Đức (virtue), Trí (knowledge), and Tài (talent) inscribed on red envelopes or displayed in homes, symbolizing good luck and positive energy for the year ahead.

>>>> Celebrate Tet in Vietnam with us now! 🌸🏯

3. Vietnamese calligraphy in traditional customs

The celebration of calligraphy is a key part of Tet, the most significant and anticipated festival in Vietnam. During Tet, calligraphers inscribe special words of fortune and wisdom on beautiful red paper, which are displayed to bring good luck and prosperity. These writings are deeply rooted in Vietnamese beliefs and are often hung in homes as a way of inspiring and reminding people to work toward their goals in the coming year.

Calligraphy is also commonly found on the lacquered boards and scrolls displayed in Vietnamese homes, often reflecting family values and ancestral traditions. It serves as a constant reminder of the importance of culture and respect for one's heritage.

• Saigon Calligraphy Street: A Celebration of Art

One of the best places to experience Vietnamese calligraphy is on Calligraphy Street in Ho Chi Minh City, particularly during Tet. Here, calligraphers sell their beautiful works, and the street becomes a vibrant celebration of traditional art. The calligraphy displayed in this area is not just decorative but carries deep meaning and significance for the Vietnamese people.

• Calligraphy as a Cultural Symbol

Vietnamese calligraphy is more than just an art form - it is a symbol of the country’s culture and traditions. Engraved in the hearts of the Vietnamese people, it is a living expression of their beliefs, values, and history. Calligraphy is not just seen as a form of decoration, but as a spiritual practice, connecting individuals to the deeper cultural soul of Vietnam.

4. Where to learn Vietnamese Calligraphy in Vietnam

Learning Vietnamese calligraphy is a unique way to immerse yourself in the country’s rich cultural heritage. Whether you’re looking to explore this fascinating art form, discover a hidden talent, or create a personalized souvenir, attending a Thu Phap course is an experience you won't forget. Plus, the calligraphy you create can make an exceptional gift or serve as a meaningful decoration for your home. For those seeking inspiration, Vietnamese calligraphy could even spark ideas for a future Vietnamese tattoo.

There are numerous opportunities to learn Thu Phap across Vietnam, especially in major cities like Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon). Several institutions offer calligraphy workshops where you can dive into this artistic tradition, even if you only have an hour to spare. These courses provide the basics of Vietnamese calligraphy and allow you to experience its beauty firsthand.

>>>> A 2-Week Family Adventure to Celebrate Tet in Vietnam 🏮👨‍👩‍👧‍👦

Recommended Calligraphy Courses in Vietnam:

Hanoi:

• Backstreet Academy - 26 Hang Voi, Hoan Kiem District
  (Explore the basics of Thu Phap with a local instructor in Hanoi)

Saigon:

• The Craft House Flagship - 53a Nguyen Du, District 1
  (Join a fun and interactive calligraphy workshop in the heart of Saigon)

Additional Information
For more details on calligraphy courses and workshops, don’t hesitate to contact us. We’re happy to help you find the right class to fit your schedule and interests.

5. Some popular calligraphic characters and their meaning

Choosing a calligraphic character as a souvenir, whether for a gift or a meaningful tattoo, is a beautiful way to preserve the memories of your time in Vietnam. At Kampá Tour, we offer a curated selection of calligraphy characters that are rich with symbolism and cultural significance - perfect for capturing the essence of this vibrant country.

1. Bình An (Pronunciation: /bine ane/)

Meaning: "Peace and Serenity"
This character represents calm, security, and happiness. It is often used to express wishes for prosperity and tranquility in life.

2. Nhẫn (Pronunciation: /niane/)

Meaning: "Patience and Forbearance"
Symbolizing the ability to remain calm in the face of challenges, Nhẫn encourages forgiveness, perseverance, and wisdom in difficult situations.

3. Trung (Pronunciation: /troong/)

Meaning: "Loyalty and Commitment"
This word embodies loyalty, commitment, and constancy to important principles, people, and causes, reflecting a strong sense of dedication and honor.

4. Tín (Pronunciation: /tin/)

Meaning: "Trust and Belief"
Tín represents faith, trust, and credibility in relationships. It underscores the importance of keeping promises and being dependable.

5. Tú (Pronunciation: /tou/)

Meaning: "Excellence and Beauty"
Symbolizing perfection, beauty, and superiority in various fields such as talent, virtues, and appearance, Tú encourages the pursuit of excellence.

6. Minh (Pronunciation: /ming/)

Meaning: "Clarity and Wisdom"
Minh represents light, deep understanding, and enlightened knowledge. It symbolizes intelligence and the ability to perceive and comprehend truth.

Our Final Words

Vietnamese calligraphy is a unique art form that reflects the cultural richness of the country and the beauty of written expression. As one of Vietnam’s most cherished traditions, Thu Phap continues to inspire and captivate. During your trip to Vietnam, don't miss the opportunity to explore this captivating art form and bring home a meaningful keepsake that tells a story.

Are you interested in Vietnamese art? Check out these articles:

• Vietnamese lacquer: A beauty born from the riches of nature
• Vietnam Water Puppetry: The Artistic Heritage of Farmers
• Vietnam in January: 5 key Tet Holiday prep tips
• Mid-Autumn Festival in Vietnam: All About Tet Trung Thu
• Hanoi's Old Quarter: All you need to explore the heart of Hanoi
• Hue Imperial City: Decoding the Architecture and Tips for Visiting
• Vietnam in February: Perfect Weather and Must-Visit Spots