Lacquer painting in Vietnam: A beauty born from the riches of nature

Over the millennia of traditional Vietnamese craftsmanship, the production of sơn mài, or Vietnamese lacquer, has evolved into a refined art form celebrated for its use of natural and sustainable resources. Vietnamese lacquer is often synonymous with cultural heritage, as seen in renowned aesthetic products and artworks both in Vietnam and around the world. Read on to discover the history of lacquer in Vietnam and its infinite potential!

Written by Nhu PHAM (local expert)Updated on 06-11-2024

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1. What is "lacquer"?

This refined art originates from a technique used since the Ly Dynasty (11th-12th centuries) to protect objects and adorn or gild paintings and statues in pagodas with lacquer. The lacquer, extracted from the lacquer tree in northern Vietnam, is harvested similarly to rubber, through incision and sap collection. Toxic in its liquid state, it becomes solid and neutral once dried, providing a coating known for its durability, hardness, and shiny aesthetic.

The creation of colors in Vietnamese lacquer painting is based on adding natural pigments to a base of raw brown resin, used as varnish. Cooked resin, obtained through a heating and oxidation process, is used to produce black color. The other main colors, such as red, green, brown, and white, come from mineral powders.

What distinguishes lacquer painting in Vietnam is the application of multiple layers and meticulous polishing, with drying in a humid environment. Sanding then reveals various shapes and colors, creating unexpected effects and leaving room for improvisation and creativity. This makes lacquer an art rich in possibilities for research and creation.

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2. A Complex and Meticulous Process

Crafting a lacquer painting in Vietnam can take several months, as it involves multiple intricate steps. In the traditional Vietnamese sơn mài lacquer painting technique, the process begins with preparing a blackboard. Outlines are drawn with chalk, followed by adding delicate details using eggshell and varnish, which are polished for precision.

Multiple layers of colored lacquer, often combined with silver leaf and clear lacquer, are applied, with each layer carefully dried. The final polishing process involves sanding select areas to reveal vibrant colors. Here’s a summary of the key techniques used in creating lacquer paintings in Vietnam:

• Preparation of the Base (Mộc): Artisans shape the object from wood, MDF, or synthetic fibers, ensuring the surface is smooth and flawless before applying a glue layer for protection.
• Hom: The base is coated with a mixture of natural lacquer, stone powder, fine earth, sawdust, and silt, then reinforced with fine cotton fabric to increase strength and prevent cracks.
• Smoothing (Lót): Once dry, the base receives a layer of lacquer, followed by wet sanding to smooth the surface, and then another layer of lacquer is added.
• Eggshell Inlay (Cẩn trứng): After several hom layers, eggshells are inlaid with precision to create delicate patterns.

• Intermediate Polishing (Mài lót): A layer of natural lacquer is applied across the entire object, with transparent lacquer over the patterns, followed by sanding for a smooth surface.
• Application of Gold or Silver Leaf: Thin gold or silver leaf is delicately placed on the patterns and adjusted to affix them securely.
• Coloring (Vào màu): Colors are applied carefully to ensure an even, smooth coat.
• Color Polishing (Mài màu): Polishing the colored layers, combined with other steps, gives the surface a shiny and smooth appearance.
• Hand Painting or Engraving: Artisans carve or paint unique designs by hand, often drawing inspiration from Vietnamese nature.
• Glossy or Matte Finish: A finish is applied to protect the surface and give it a modern look.
• Final Polishing (Mài quang) and Buffing (Đánh bóng): The object is polished and buffed one last time to achieve a perfectly smooth and lustrous surface.

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3. Vietnamese Lacquer Painting: From Craft to Art

Vietnamese lacquer painting – known as sơn mài – is a relatively recent craft, having emerged in the 1930s. Its development was greatly influenced by the Vietnam University of Fine Arts, founded by French artists during Vietnam's colonial period. These artists, drawing on Western modern art, introduced the concept of lacquer as an artistic medium, despite the lacquer technique itself being ancient, dating back nearly 8,000 years in China and Persia. 

By the 20th century, artisans Vietnam had advanced their craft to such an extent that it became logical to combine traditional lacquer techniques with Western innovations in art, such as perspective, form, and composition. This led to the creation of lacquer paintings on wooden bases, with a strong influence from Western artistic principles.

Among the renowned artists, Nguyễn Gia Trí is recognized as the master of Vietnamese lacquer painting. Influenced by the realist and impressionist styles, he focused on themes such as graceful young women in romantic natural settings. His mastery elevated lacquer to the status of a major art in Vietnam, and many of his works are considered national treasures, such as Vườn xuân Trung Nam Bắc (Spring Garden of the Northern, Central and Southern Regions) and Thiếu nữ bên hoa phù dung (Young Woman Beside Hibiscus Flower) . 

Initially, lacquer was utilized for its practical properties – waterproofing, durability, heat resistance, and protection – in lacquerware. Over time, it began to be used for decorative purposes, especially in religious settings or architectural ornamentation. The art form evolved, blending these traditional functionalities with more sophisticated artistic techniques.

Other artists also contributed to the style. Lê Quốc Lộc is known for his paintings of natural landscapes and scenes from the War of Resistance. His "Landscape of Phnom Penh" is widely considered his masterpiece. Tran Phuc Duyen , who often focuses on Vietnam or themes related to his homeland, is famous for his work Halong Bay , reflecting his deep sense of nostalgia. Phạm Hậu , famous for his painting Chùa Thầy , often depicts themes of pagodas, rural landscapes of the northern and central regions, as well as rivers and goldfish.

Nguyễn Sáng 's lacquer paintings are particularly notable for their innovative use of materials and their engagement with social and cultural themes. His works, recognized as national treasures, are protected by the government and symbolize Vietnam's pride and cultural identity, including Kết nạp Đảng ở Điện Biên Phủ (Party Membership in Diên Biên Phủ) and Giặc đốt làng tôi (The Invaders Burned My Village).

>>> For more information, please read: Dien Bien Phu: The Battle That Shook the French Empire

4. Lacquer in Vietnam’s Rich Cultural History

More than 2,000 years ago, during the Dong Son cultural period, Vietnamese artisans already knew how to process raw lacquer into everyday items. Many ancient household and ceremonial objects, decorated with lacquer, have been found in northern Vietnam, especially in tombs. As early as the Ly Dynasty (11th century), lacquer was widely used to embellish palaces, communal halls, temples, pagodas, and shrines.

One fascinating example of lacquer's durability comes from recent discoveries of lacquered objects in shipwrecks belonging to the Nguyen Lords in southern Vietnam. These objects remained intact after more than 100 years in salt water, demonstrating the material’s incredible resilience.

The secrets of lacquer production were passed down through generations within artisan clans, who were highly regarded by noblemen and kings. As the craft grew more sophisticated, it became increasingly specialized, with certain guilds excelling in specific aspects of lacquerware production.

This specialization led to the formation of guilds, each excelling in different areas such as lacquer processing, gilding, or vermilion powder making. Many streets, quarters, and villages in Hanoi and neighboring areas still preserve these traditional lacquer-making methods today.

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5. Lacquer Meets Contemporary Art

Vietnamese art reflects a unique blend of influences, including traditional Vietnamese art, Chinese motifs, and French colonial artistic trends. The establishment of the Vietnam University of Fine Arts gave rise to a new form of painting, pioneered by French artists Victor Tardieu and Joseph Inguimberty. These artists trained their students in Western art techniques, including perspective and three-dimensional representation, while encouraging them to combine these methods with traditional Vietnamese themes, objects, and lacquer techniques.

One notable figure, Alix Ayme, a professor at the university, played a significant role in encouraging students to explore this artistic heritage. After her return to France, Ayme brought Vietnamese lacquer techniques to Europe, showcasing them in her works, such as "Via Dolorosa," and in various exhibitions in Florence and Monaco.

6. Where to Admire Lacquer Paintings

6.1 Vietnam Fine Arts Museum

• Address: 66 Nguyen Thai Hoc Street, Dien Bien, Ba Dinh, Hanoi.
• Tickets: 20,000-50,000 VND.
• Opening hours: 8:30 AM - 5:00 PM, Monday to Sunday.

6.2 Ho Chi Minh City Fine Arts Museum

• Address: 97A Pho Duc Chinh Street, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City.
• Tickets: 30,000 VND.
• Opening hours: 8:00 AM - 5:00 PM, Monday to Sunday.

>>>Also read if you like museums:

• Top 15 Museums in Hanoi: Discover Vietnam through its History and Culture
• Which museums in Ho Chi Minh City are absolutely worth visiting?

8. Where to Buy Lacquerware in Vietnam

8.1 Ha Thai Lacquerware Village

Located near Hanoi, Ha Thai is renowned for blending traditional lacquer techniques with modern designs, a craft passed down since 1931. It's the perfect place to find unique, innovative lacquerware.

8.2 Tuong Binh Hiep Lacquerware Village

Just 20 km from Ho Chi Minh City, this village boasts over 600 years of lacquerware tradition. It’s known for its authentic craftsmanship using natural materials like raw lacquer, gold leaf, and mother-of-pearl.

>>>>> You might like: What to Buy in Vietnam: Traditional Gifts & Where to Find Them

Vietnamese Lacquerware Shops

• Hanoia: In Hanoi, Hanoia offers high-quality lacquerware that combines tradition and modernity, making it a prestigious choice for souvenirs.
• Saigon Crafts: Located in District 1 of Ho Chi Minh City, Saigon Crafts features a wide range of handmade lacquerware, from decorative items to practical accessories.

9. How to Preserve Lacquer Items?

Creating a lacquer piece requires significant time and effort, reflecting the artistic commitment of the artisans. To maintain their quality, it’s essential to protect them carefully:

• Avoid direct sunlight and high temperatures to prevent discoloration and damage.
• Keep the items in a balanced environment, avoiding humid and dark places to prevent mold.
• In cold conditions, place the items flat with a light weight on top for a few weeks to avoid warping.
• Use a dry or slightly damp cloth to clean the surface, without chemicals or hot/cold water.
• For stains, gently rub with your fingers or a dry cloth and a mild product like Cana.
• Avoid sharp or hard objects to prevent scratching the lacquer surface.

Conclusion

Sơn mài, or Vietnamese lacquer art, is one of the most iconic and distinctive art forms of Vietnam, recognized for its richness and authenticity. Although less famous than Japanese or Chinese lacquer, Vietnamese lacquer stands out for its finesse and elegance. With ancient origins and modern development, it harmoniously blends the past and present, solidifying its place in the world of fine art.

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